Mai i te hanganga o te mīhini pepa tuatahi tonu i te tau 1799 e Louis Robert o Parani, kua hurihia e tēnei hangarau te horapa o te ao tangata i tētahi tere whakamiharo. Neke atu i te 200 tau, kua whanake ngā mīhini pepa mai i ngā tauira taketake i hurihia e te ringa ki ngā mīhini nunui o ēnei rā, neke atu i te 1500 mita ia meneti te tere, e peia ana e te tuku tonu o ngā auahatanga hangarau.

Te Whakatipu: Mai i te Taiwhanga ki te Whakaputa Papatipu

Nā te mea i hangaia e Louis Robert i te tau 1799 i mutu ai te hanga pepa ā-ringa. Nā te mīhini hurihuri-ā-ringa taketake, he mata waea parahi 640mm te whānui, 3000mm te roa, me te tere tata ki te 5 mita ia meneti, i whakatakoto te kaupapa matua o te hanga pepa tonu.

I te tau 1803, i raro i te pūtea a te kaihanga pepa a Henry Fourdrinier, i hangaia e te miihini Peretānia a Bryan Donkin te mīhini Fourdrinier tuatahi i hangaia i roto i te papatipu, ā, i tāutahia ki te Mira Pepa o Frogmore i te UK. Nā te whānui o te pepa he 813mm me te wāhanga perehi whakamaroke tonu, i tīmata ai te wā o te hanga pepa ahumahi.

Te Whakahirahira: Ngā Huarahi Hou i roto i ngā Hangarau Matua

I te haurua tuatahi o te rautau 19, ka puta te hanganga o ngā kōwae matua o ngā mīhini pepa tetahi i muri i tetahi:

• Hangarau Pokepoke PorotakaI hangaia e Braman i te tau 1805, ā, i whakatakotohia te turanga mō ngā momo mīhini pepa.
• Pūnaha WhakamarokeI puta mai ngā mīhini whakamaroke i te tau 1816, i te tuatahi i whakamahanahia ki te waro, kāore he taupoki; i te tau 1823, i hangaia e Crompton ngā mīhini whakamahana-mamao me ngā whatu whakamaroke, ā, i tino whakanui ake i te pai o te whakamaroke.
• Arotautanga Wāhanga Pēhi me te WaeaNā John Dickinson te mana pateni mō te mīhini tā tuarua i te tau 1817; i hangaia e Thomas Barutt ngā taputapu wiri waea me ngā taputapu tohuwai i te tau 1830, hei whakapai ake i te kounga me te pumau o te pepa.

Nō te tau 1840, kua neke atu te whānui o te mīhini Fourdrinier i te 1525mm (60 inihi), ā, kua whakaritea te ara mō te hanga nui.

Peke: Te Huringa o te Mana me te Aunoatanga

Mai i te mutunga o te rautau 19 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i uru nui ngā whakatutukitanga o te hurihanga ahumahi ki te mahi pepa:

• Auahatanga ManaI te tau 1894, i whakamahia tuatahitia e tētahi mira pepa o Austria te motuka hiko hei utu mō ngā miihini mamaoa, hei whakanui ake i te tere me te pumau.
• Te Tūhuratanga Tere-TiketikeI puta mai te mīhini pepa nui rawa atu i te US i te tau 1896, he 4060mm te whānui me te 152m/min te tere; i te tau 1908, i hangaia ngā roera moenga korehau hei whakapai ake i te whakamaroke i ngā wāhanga waea.
• Whakapai Ake i te Puku HikoI te tau 1909, i whakawhanakehia ngātahitia e Voith rāua ko Brown Boveri te taraiwa hiko wāhanga, e taea ai te tukutahi tere tika o ngā wāhanga katoa o te mīhini.

I waenganui o te rautau 20, nā ngā pouaka pane waipēhi me ngā pouaka pane paparanga i whakarite te hanganga pepa ōrite; nā ngā takai karauna rerekē i whakatau te kopikopiko takai i ngā tere tiketike.

Te Tihi: Te Tere me ngā Here o ngā Mīhini Pepa Hou

Mai i te mutunga o te rautau 20 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, ka uru ngā mīhini pepa ki tētahi wā o te "whakataetae tere":

I te tau 1993, i whakaputa te Mīhini 6 i te Mira Jämsänkoski o Finland i te pepa kua oti te whakatakoto ki runga i te maramara, he 56g/m² te tere o te whakaputanga i te 1502m/min me te whānui o te waea he 10.1m; i taua tau anō, i whakatū te Mīhini 7 i te Mira Kaipola i te rekoata pepa nūpepa o te 1530m/min. Ko ēnei kamupene nunui i hangaia e Valmet te tohu o te tihi o te hangarau hanga pepa o te ao.

I taua wā anō, kua eke ngā mīhini waea-rua kua pakeke, ngā mīhini perehi hiato me ngā pouaka pane urunga-hau ki ngā putanga hou o te whānui, te tere me te kounga; nā ngā rauemi hou pēnei i ngā waea kirihou me ngā papa whakamaroke wai tungsten carbide i whakapai ake te roa me te whai hua.

Te Tirohanga Whakamuri me te Tirohanga Matakite

Mai i te mīhini hurihuri-ā-ringa a Robert ki ngā mīhini tere-rahi o ēnei rā, ko te hītori o ngā mīhini pepa he putanga hangarau, he tohu hoki mō te tere o te horapa o te ao tangata. Nāna i huri te hanga pepa, ā, i taea ai te whakatairanga i te mātauranga me ngā mōhiohio. Ināianei, i waenganui i te ngaru matihiko, kei te whanake haere ngā mīhini pepa ki te penapena pūngao, ki te matauranga me te hanga pepa motuhake, me te haere tonu i tō rātou pakiwaitara i tēnei wā hou.